doi: 10.2460/javma.23.01.0016 17
If levels are borderline, request methylmalonic acid or homocysteine
But for those with pernicious anemia, an autoimmune condition that attacks intrinsic factor, the passive absorption of B12 is incredibly inefficient with only one percent being taken up from your food
This makes it especially important for individuals following vegetarian or vegan diets to ensure adequate vitamin C intake, as they may have a higher risk of iron deficiency
Since these supplements move through the digestive system, gut health and intrinsic factors play an important role in how much B12 the body absorbs
However, the primary use of B12 injections around the world, and the main reason people need it so badly, is because of a disorder called pernicious anemia